結(jié)語(yǔ)
本文表明,自由主義的國(guó)家中立原則局限于關(guān)涉自我的個(gè)人行為,而不適用于關(guān)涉他人的個(gè)人行為。關(guān)于個(gè)人對(duì)他人的傷害和受害者所受到的傷害,自由主義者從未說(shuō)政府應(yīng)該保持中立。當(dāng)代完善論者在反駁自由主義者的論證中拒絕了自由主義的中立性原則,主張國(guó)家可以合理地偏好某些而非其它類(lèi)型的關(guān)涉自我的行為。盡管這樣一種國(guó)家完善論頗具吸引力(尤其是對(duì)于安靖如和筆者本人這樣的儒家學(xué)者來(lái)說(shuō)),但筆者認(rèn)為,它和它試圖取代的自由主義的國(guó)家中立性原則可能同樣成問(wèn)題。雖然指出了國(guó)家完善論存在這一缺陷,但筆者無(wú)法在本文中設(shè)法克服這一缺陷,以有效改善國(guó)家完善論,從而使其成為一種可以切實(shí)代替自由主義中立性的方案。然而,筆者察覺(jué)到當(dāng)代完善論疏漏了政治自由主義的一個(gè)嚴(yán)重缺陷,從而錯(cuò)失了一個(gè)拓展其論域的機(jī)會(huì)。這涉及自由主義國(guó)家應(yīng)該如何對(duì)待關(guān)涉他人的個(gè)人行為的看法。自由主義的確認(rèn)為政府應(yīng)該對(duì)關(guān)涉他人的個(gè)人行為——不同于關(guān)涉自我的個(gè)人行為——采取行動(dòng)。自由主義的這一看法存在兩方面的缺陷:第一,誠(chéng)然,它的確認(rèn)為政府應(yīng)當(dāng)禁止傷害他人的個(gè)人行為,但并不認(rèn)為推動(dòng)個(gè)人對(duì)他人的善行屬于政府的分內(nèi)事;第二,政府禁止傷害他人的個(gè)人行為的方式,乃是制定嚴(yán)刑峻法來(lái)懲罰那些確實(shí)對(duì)他人造成傷害的人。當(dāng)代國(guó)家完善論忽視了這一要害問(wèn)題,而筆者認(rèn)為,恰恰在關(guān)涉他人的個(gè)人行為的上述兩個(gè)方面,儒家完善論提供了一種可行的取代當(dāng)代政治自由主義的方案,這正是儒家完善論的獨(dú)特性與重要性之所在。儒家對(duì)推動(dòng)個(gè)人對(duì)他人的善行比阻止其惡行更加感興趣。原因是顯而易見(jiàn)的:如果越來(lái)越多的人品德越來(lái)越高尚,做有害他人的事的人就越來(lái)越少。當(dāng)然,總是會(huì)有一些人——無(wú)論人數(shù)何其少——想要傷害別人。對(duì)于這樣的人,政治自由主義者只是訴諸刑法,而儒家則認(rèn)為國(guó)家應(yīng)該提供道德教化,這樣刑法就會(huì)變得多余;如果確有必要,也應(yīng)當(dāng)以悲憫之心而非萬(wàn)分自得地實(shí)施刑法,緊隨其后的則是進(jìn)一步的道德教化,直到這種人的道德?tīng)顩r完全恢復(fù)。
筆者認(rèn)為,當(dāng)代完善論者忽視了人類(lèi)完善之關(guān)涉他人的維度。當(dāng)然,這并不是說(shuō)他們明確排除這一維度。說(shuō)實(shí)話,大多數(shù)當(dāng)代完善論者所強(qiáng)調(diào)的,最多也就不過(guò)是說(shuō)他們的完善論也包含人類(lèi)完善關(guān)涉自我的維度,即使在他們看來(lái),包含關(guān)涉自我的行為才使國(guó)家完善論富有吸引力。筆者的意思是,他們事實(shí)上忽略了人類(lèi)完善關(guān)涉他人的維度,因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)诜瘩g自由主義的國(guó)家中立原則時(shí),把精力幾乎全花在人類(lèi)完善之關(guān)涉自我的維度之上。他們認(rèn)為國(guó)家應(yīng)當(dāng)推動(dòng)的人類(lèi)完善的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)列表通常包括知識(shí)、音樂(lè)、藝術(shù)、體育等,而政府應(yīng)該阻止的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)清單通常包括使用毒品、生活懶散、賭博等,兩張清單上的條目基本上都與自我相關(guān)涉。誠(chéng)然,有時(shí)善行也出現(xiàn)在完善主義者認(rèn)為國(guó)家應(yīng)該推動(dòng)的清單上,而惡行也出現(xiàn)在它們認(rèn)為國(guó)家應(yīng)該阻止的項(xiàng)目清單上,但他們從不強(qiáng)調(diào)這些善行與惡行關(guān)涉他人的方面。實(shí)際上,幾乎沒(méi)有一位當(dāng)代完善論者主張國(guó)家應(yīng)當(dāng)褒揚(yáng)胸懷利他之心的道德英雄并阻止對(duì)待他人的殘暴行為。當(dāng)代完善論者的關(guān)注點(diǎn)之所以幾乎僅限于關(guān)涉自我的維度,其原因當(dāng)然不是他們認(rèn)為國(guó)家與人們關(guān)涉他人的行為無(wú)關(guān);其原因可能在于他們認(rèn)為,他們正在反駁的當(dāng)代政治自由主義者也和他們自己一樣,認(rèn)為國(guó)家應(yīng)當(dāng)在這些關(guān)涉他人的行為中發(fā)揮作用;易言之,可能是因?yàn)樗麄冇X(jué)得他們與政治自由主義者的分歧僅僅在于,國(guó)家對(duì)于關(guān)涉自我的完善可以做什么,而不在于國(guó)家對(duì)于關(guān)涉他人的完善可以做什么。倘若如此,這就意味著他們沒(méi)有認(rèn)識(shí)到自由主義對(duì)于后者的看法是成問(wèn)題的。正是在此意義上,筆者認(rèn)為,無(wú)論是較之政治自由主義還是較之當(dāng)代完善論,儒家完善論都是獨(dú)特的、重要的。如果上文所言不謬,那么,筆者對(duì)儒家與當(dāng)代國(guó)家完善論的關(guān)系的理解與安靖如不同,筆者認(rèn)為儒家不是當(dāng)代西方“溫和完善論的典范”(Angle, 2009:206)。
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How Public Power Influences Lifestyle
--Viewpoints from the Perspectives of Liberalism, State Perfectionism and Confucianism
Huang Yong
Abstract: In contemporary Western political philosophy, there is a conflict between the neutral liberalism and State Perfectionism. Based on a rough description of their difference, we may think that State Perfectionism is correct and that Confucianism falls under State Perfectionism. However, State Perfectionism has some serious problems. This paper intensively explored a neglected dimension in the study of the conflict between liberalism and State Perfectionism. State Perfectionism supports the stance of liberalism over the issue whether the state should intervene in response to people's behaviors that bear on others. But there is something wrong with the liberal view on this issue. It is Confucianism, as a type of State Protectionism, that can make special contribution for the purpose of this issue.
Keywords: liberalism, State Perfectionism, Confucianism, lifestyle
【作者簡(jiǎn)介】
黃勇,美國(guó)賓州庫(kù)茲城大學(xué)哲學(xué)系教授,哥倫比亞大學(xué)新儒學(xué)討論班共同主任和美國(guó)宗教學(xué)會(huì)儒學(xué)傳統(tǒng)組共同主任,華東師范大學(xué)哲學(xué)系紫江講座教授。
研究方向:政治哲學(xué)、倫理學(xué)、宗教哲學(xué)、中西比較哲學(xué)。
主要著作:《Religious Goodness and Political Rightness》、《全球化時(shí)代的倫理》、《全球化時(shí)代的宗教》、《全球化時(shí)代的政治》等。